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ABSTRACT
In this paper, the
effects of climatic conditions on fruit production in Geyve (Sakarya) are
examined. The research area is located in the South Marmara part in Turkey.
It has been situated on 40º.45´ north degree latitude in Mediterranean
macroclimate region and has seen Little Rainy Mediterranean climate type.
Geyve is well known by its fruit farming and has been grown all types of
fruits except tropical ones, but in this research, we have examined
especially which have the most economical value. Following this, the climate
data and fruit harvest are analysed and the effects of the climatic
conditions on fruit production in 18 years period (1985-2003) are examined.
Positive and negative deviation from average in harvest appeared in this
period. It is seen that not only the climatic conditions, but also the other
factors are affected on this deviation. It is determined that besides the
climatic conditions, the other factors are affected on the low production
too. Later, the fruits, which have effects on farmer’s income levels and
high production values, are determined. A relationship (correlation) between
the critic climatic conditions the fruits need in vegetation periods and the
climatic data are searched.
The purpose of the present study is to research the effect of the climatic
conditions on fruit production.
KEYWORDS
Climatic conditions;
Fruit farming; Geyve
METHOD OF APPROACH
a) Determination of
geographical location and features of Geyve.
b) Determination of climate and fruit production in the research area.
c) Determination of the effects of climatic conditions on fruit production
in Geyve.
INTRODUCTION
Our research topic
Geyve is a town located in the eastern part of Gemlik-Pamukova basin, a zone
in the part of the South Marmara in the Marmara region (Yücel, 1987)(see
figure: 1).
Geyve and its surroundings take attention with the place, which have high
plateaus from the east and west directions, and the hollows situated between
them. The area is surrounded with Samanlı Mountains (1602 m.) from the north,
Karadağ and Keremali Mountains (1383m-1582 m.) from the east and a plateaus
area from the south. The base of Geyve’s plain situated in the eastern part
of Sakarya River has 80 m. height. The strait of Geyve relates Geyve plain
to Adapazarı basin from the north. Geyve plain and its vicinity are located
in “semi humid climatic type and park viewed like forest” area (Erinç,
1996). Natural vegetation was destroyed in the plain basin. Maquis and
pseudomaquis types have been in the side of mountain and forest has been in
high areas. While there have been the alluvial soils in basin area, the
highest mountain is covered mainly brown forest soil. The foundation of
Geyve situated on the historical Silk Road, dates back A.D. 500. It was
brought under Ottoman domination in 1324. Geyve, which on historical way
passing from İznik to Nallıhan, Beypazarı and Ankara in the Roman and
Ottoman Empire period, has lost old vigour due to the new way passing
through Bolu (Yücel, 1987). Geyve, which was a district of Kocaeli sancak at
Ottoman times, nowadays is a city centre belonging to Sakarya (Purtul,
2001). It has got a small town and 63 villages. According to the 2000’s
census, the total population is 44.907. 22.809 of the total population live
in the villages, 4.780 of the total live in a small town and 17.318 of total
live in the city centre. There have been less migration to Geyve in
comparison with Sakarya the other cities in the vicinity. When it is
considered on Geyve’s active population, viewing and daily lifestyle, it can
be said that Geyve has facilities for service function (Özgür, 1996).
Although some industrial foundations began to activity in recent years in
Geyve, its economy is mainly depends on agriculture. There has been 19.922
hectares of agricultural area. 4.460 hectares of the total is made water
farming, and 15.532 hectares of the rest is made dry farming. As the main
agriculture activity, viniculture and fruit farming gained importance. It is
known that the climatic conditions have important effects on agricultural
activity. In this study, it was tried to examine the effects of local the
climatic conditions on fruit farming in Geyve well known by its fruit
farming in its vicinity and throughout the country.
CLIMATE
Research area has
been situated on 40º.45´ north degree latitude in the Mediterranean
macroclimate region. The mean annual amplitude is 18.8 °C. According to
Sezer, the degree of the continentally of the research area is %19.5 and in
“marital climate type” (Sezer, 1990). When thinking climate and vegetation
together, it is seen that the research area has been in “semihumid climate
type and xerophytic forest (Sezer, 1988). On the other hand, according to
bio climate type, “Little Rainy Mediterranean climate type” has been seen in
the research area (Akman, 1993).
Thermal conditions
According to
meteorological station data in the research area (1963-2003), the mean
annual temperatures are 13.7°C. Geyve has similar values in comparison with
its surrounding Adapazarı (14.1 °C), Yalova (14.3 °C) and Bilecik (12.2°C).
Its temperatures are lower than high areas its surroundings, due to its
plain station feature. When it is looked at the annual temperatures trend,
it is clearly seen that the mean annual temperatures are varied between
4.4°C (January) and 23.2°C (July) and for 4 months it is near 20°C and over
and the rest are lower than these temperatures. The average monthly minimum
temperatures are varied between 1.3 °C (January) and 19.7°C (July) and never
drop under 0°C in any month. But the absolute minimum temperatures are
varied between –3.2°C and –14.2°C and drop under 0°C during 6 months period
(November-April). The average maximum temperatures are between 7.1 °C (January)
and 28.1°C (July). The absolute maximum temperatures are between 22.9°C (January)
and 42.0°C (August). The mean annual temperatures are reached maximum in
July, minimum in January (see table: 1). While the southernly air current
prevents to drop temperatures too much in winter, the northernly air current
sometimes causes to drop temperatures.
With these features, the research area has been in the “Thermal Regime Type
of the Marmara Region’ (Koçman, 1993)
Frosty days
According to the
thermic regime in the research area, the mean annual temperatures don’t drop
under 0°C, but 5 monthly periods between November- April, sometimes it is
seen that the daily minimum temperatures drop under 0 °C. It has been
reached these conclusions when analysing daily temperatures data between
1963- 2003 (07-14-21 measurement). Along the duration of the observation
period, the annual frosty day numbers are the most 78, least 9 and average
38. This situation shows the important differences from year to year.
Especially, an increase is seen in frosty days in the years that the
northernly cold air masses are effective. The first dates of frosty days are
the earliest 02. November, the latest 09 January, the last dates of the
frosty days are the earliest 18 February, the latest 10 April (see tablo:
2).
Humidity and Precipitation
According to
meteorological station for 41 monthly-recorded data between 1963- 2003, the
mean annual relative humidity is % 73.1. When looking at the mean monthly
values, while it was taking under the mean annual values in July, June and
August (min.%66.9- July), it was taking nearer and over the mean annual
values in the other months (max. %79.8-December).
According to meteorological station for 41 annual daily- recorded data
between 1963-2003, the mean annual precipitation is 661,4 mm. This rainfall
is lower than other surrounding stations in Sakarya (Karasu 1200 mm.,
Adapazarı 820 mm., Sapanca 800-1000 mm.). When it is looked at the
distribution of the annual rainfall, it is seen that the annual rainfall
distribution in monthly is irregular. The rainfall, which has upward trend
in September in comparison with the one month before, takes maximum value
(100,5 mm.) in December and from January rainfall decreases a little and
continues this feature till June. It reaches minimum value (28 mm.) in July.
When it is looked at the seasonal rainfall and percentage, it is seen that
maximum rainy season is winter (%35.5), second-degree rainy seasons are
spring and autumn (%24), and minimum rainy season is summer (%16.1).
The average rainy days have maximum values in December and January (15 days);
minimum values in July and August (5 days). When it is looked at the daily
maximum rainfall, which reflects the rainfall frequency, it is seen that
maximum values are in June (133 mm.); minimum values between January and May
period (see table: 3).
With these features, the research area shows the features of “Marmara
transition type” precipitation regime (Erinç, 1996). When seasonal
distribution of the annual rainfall is taken attention, it is seen that the
research area is in the “First type precipitation regime of East
Mediterranean” (Akman, 1990)
Pressure and Winds
According to
meteorological station recorded data between 1992- 2003, the mean annual
pressure is 1005 mb. When it is looked at the mean monthly pressure trend in
a year, it is seen that it reaches maximum values in autumn and winter, near
values to mean annual in spring and minimum values in summer. While
differences between the mean monthly pressure values are considerably few,
the extreme pressure values have rather unstable feature. Difference between
minimum and maximum monthly pressure values is considerably high in October
(46 mb.) (see table: 4). This state is concerned with moving air mass coming
from west and general atmosphere circulation, which is affected on the
region.
According to meteorological station for 34 annual recorded data between
1970- 2003, the mean annual wind speed is 2.6 m/sec. While it goes up the
mean annual in summer (max. August and July, 3.7 m/sec), goes down in winter
(min. November, 1.6 m/sec).
By using Geyve meteorological station (1992-2003) monthly wind values, it
was calculated the monthly and the annual wind frequencies by percently. And
thus, northernly (%43,8), northeasternly (%18,5) and southernly (%11) winds
are dominant in terms of the mean annual blow frequencies. According to
variances of the general pressure conditions depending on the wind
frequencies and directions, the differences are seen in the year. Northerly
winds have maximum frequencies all months of year but increase blow
frequencies are seen in summer. As for the southerly winds, they increase in
November-April periods (see table: 5).This situation shows coherence to the
topographic features of research area.
FRUIT PRODUCTION
Turkey is covered
with the different types of vineyards and orchards. It caused to come into
existence special production, production and business areas of various
vegetables and fruits that Turkey is the cradle of many cultures of
vineyards and orchards (Ağaoğlu, 2001). The research area (Geyve) is
situated in the Mediterranean Agricultural Region and the Marmara part (D4)
(Erinç, Tunçdilek, 1952). According to Hamit Sadi Selen, here is situated
the North Anatolian Agricultural Region (1937) and for DİE (State
Statistical Institute) in the Marmara Agricultural Region and the South
Marmara fruit production area (Durmuş, 2001). Geyve is head of fruit
production in terms of harvest and mean fruitfulness in Sakarya. (According
to the number of trees which bear fruit; Geyve: 71.049, Karasu: 30722,
Pamukova: 27.664, Ferizli: 20.253, Sapanca: 21.422, Adapazarı: 14206,
Hendek: 14.149, Akyazı: 12.172, Kaynarca: 5.474, Karapürçek: 4.107, Taraklı:
4.039, Kocaali: 3.504 Söğütlü: 1.288 tones, STP, 2002)
Principle fruit types produced in research area are grape, quince, apple,
cherry, sour cherry, peach, plum, fig, olive, walnut, and hazelnut. Looking
harvest of them, grape becomes first with the mean annual 51.896 tones. (Turkey’s
total production is 2.292.056 tones. Geyve is the third area of maximum
production with 70.777 tones.) Following this, dominant types are apple with
19.465 tones, quince with 6.436 tones, and cherry with 3.796 tones (see
table: 6).
Especially, “Müşküle Grape and Lemon Quince” producing in Geyve have been
situated in Europe Bazaar in terms of having economical value. Computerized
early warning system (while taking precaution agricultural combat, gaining
crop with less cost in more quality) is started in important fruit
production areas, especially Geyve and Pamukova districts.
Besides, it is necessary to
produce crop types oriented to domestic and foreign markets by means of
pulling out fruit fields, which lost their economic value. In order to get
much more crop from the unit area and respond to the demands of domestic
market and exportation, it is very important to expand the orchards composed
of dwarf and semi-dwarf types.
THE EFFECTS OF
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS ON FRUIT PRODUCTION
Climate is the most
important ecological factor both in the natural vegetation and the growing
cultural plants in earth (Temuçin, 1993). In the agricultural area,
convenient thermal and precipitation conditions and length of vegetation
period have been affected on agricultural activity with positive way (İkiel,
1997). Geyve, both in convenient thermal (average, 14 °C) and precipitation
(average, 662 mm.) conditions and in the length of vegetation period (278
days), is a considerably convenient area for fruit production.
Besides the possibilities of climatic conditions, possessing soil and
geomorphologic features, the agricultural production (especially fruit
production) is done intensively in Geyve. Determining the climate of the
research area, the climatic elements are examined separately. Since the
frost event, which is seen in spring period, creates some differences on
harvest from year to year, because of this, a special importance was given
on this phenomenon. This frost period was caused clear differences in
harvest. The climate features, which required receiving attention on fruit
farming; last killing frost in spring period, minimum temperatures and
periods in winter,
maximum temperatures and periods in summer, the mean annual temperatures,
the annual rainfall and seasonal distribution of rainfall, could be
explained.
In the research area, the effects of climatic conditions on fruit production
in 18 years period (1985-2003) are examined. Positive and negative deviation
from average in harvest appeared in this period. It is seen that not only
the climatic conditions, but also other factors are affected on this
deviation. It is determined that besides climatic conditions, the other
factors are affected on the low production too. Later the fruits which have
effects on farmer’s income levels and high production values are determined.
A relationship (correlation) between the critic climaticconditions the
fruits need in vegetation periods and the climatic data are searched.
Acquired conclusions are explained for each type of fruits:
Grape:
Although it is a hot temperature climate zone plant for the climatic
conditions, it belongs to the great annual field plants that have
adaptability to the colder and hotter climatic conditions. The climatic
conditions for growing grape must be like this: The mean annual temperatures
are over 9 °C, average monthly maximum temperatures are over 18 °C, average
monthly minimum temperatures are over 0 °C, the mean monthly summer period
are over 20 °C and the vegetation period, which is total of the mean daily
temperatures over 10 °C, more than 160 days (Ağaoğlu, 2001). The mean
temperatures in the maturation period (for North hemisphere 1 April-31
October) must be over 13 °C. On the other hand, it is accepted that the mean
annual temperatures is between 11-16 °C areas are the most suitable for
viniculture. In an area, which takes 600 mm the annual amount of rainfall
(Geyve 662 mm.), can be done a modern viniculture without the need of water
(Çelik, 1998). Grape’s phenologic periods are as following; sprouts period:
15 April-30 April; blooming date: 10 May-25 May; maturation period: 8 August-28
August (Turkey Phenology Atlas, 2001). The mean annual harvest of grape is
51.691 tones (1985-2003). According to the years the least production was in
1999 (12.500 tones), the most production was in 1993 (85.000 tones). Low
production in 1998 and 1999 are growing out of the climatic conditions. The
low production in 1998 can be explained with a strongly rainfall that came
in May (111 mm.-number of rainy days 17 - max. precipitation. 39.8mm,
20/05/98), destroyed the vineyards. The low production in 1999 is growing
out of insufficient precipitation (July-5 mm. rainfall/ number of rainy days
2 – min. precipitation 6mm, 28/07/99) seen in the formation period. The high
production between 1989 and 1996 is growing out of the other factors. (The
number of trees that bear fruit and orchards are higher than other years-6.800
hectares) In 1997, old fashion vineyards were left. Instead of this, modern
viniculture was improved, grape vineyards were pulled out, and the modern
viniculture was started to be test in 2.115 hectares area. Since the year
2000, there weren’t seen considerable anomalies in harvest. Especially the
beekeeping sometimes made negative effects on some vineyards and caused to
the low production. This situation has appeared by holes made by bees with
their needles.
As was explained above, Geyve has convenient climatic conditions for growing
grape.
Apple:
Apple, which is the most
important fruit of cold temperature climates, is extremely strong against
cold winter. Its body and branches are resisted to -35°C, -40°C. Also flower
buds are resisted to low temperatures in closed position. It starts blooming
in 9 °C. If it blooms periodically, it doesn’t resist last killing frost
spring. It doesn’t like high temperatures in summer period. The most
acceptable temperatures are 13°C-18°C in growing period (Ağaoğlu, 2001).
Besides, relative humidity is important; because the low relative humidity
causes fruit shedding (Yücel, 1980). It needs more rest in winter than the
other types. When the temperatures are over 40°C, its growing stops and
starts to be damaged by high temperatures. Apple’s phenologic periods are as
following; blooming period: 31 March-15 April; growing period: 25 April-10
May; maturation period: 23 August-7 September. The mean annual harvest of
apple is 19.465 tones. (1985-2003) According to the years the least
production was in 1998 (7.440 tones), the most production was in 1986
(30.000 tones). The low production in 1989, 1993, 1998 and 1999 are growing
out of the climatic conditions. The low production in 1989 is related to
that the mean annual relative humidity (%57.9) in the growing period is
lower than the average (%73.1). The low production in 1993 is related to
last killing frost in spring seen in blooming period (11 days). The low
production in 1998 is growing out of maximum temperatures that damaged
fruits in apple’s formation period. Besides, the low production in 1999 is
growing out of insufficient precipitation (July-5 mm. rainfall/ number of
rainy days 2 – min. precipitation 6mm, 28/07/99) in the apple’s growing
period.
As was explained above, Geyve has convenient climatic conditions for growing
apple.
Quince:
The most convenient climate
for quince is the temperatures marital climatic type. Its damaging
possibilities from the last killing frost spring in blooming period are low
(Ağaoğlu, 2001). It resists -30°C in winter. The temperatures under –2.2 °C
damage the flowers. It has damages by continual and effective winds (Mağden,
1951). Since the development of sprouts depends on the air temperature, the
flowers blooms lately and they don’t damage from frosts. Quince’s phenologic
periods are as following; blooming period: 5 April- 20 April; growing period:
20 April-5 May; maturation period: 17 October-1 November. The mean annual
harvest of quince is 6,436 tones (1985-2003). According to the years, the
least production was in 1989 (450 tones) the most production was in 2003
(17.885 tones). The low productions between 1989-1993 periods and in 1995
are growing out of climatic conditions. The low production between 1989-1993
is growing out of last killing frost in spring seen in blooming period
(30-10-4-9-11 days). The same situation in 1995 is growing out of that the
mean annual wind speed (5.6 m/sec) is higher than average (2.6 m/sec).
As was explained above, Geyve has convenient climatic conditions for growing
quince.
Cherry:
The most important factor in
growing cherry is temperature. It doesn’t resist strongly high and low
temperatures. Especially, it doesn’t grow in winter when temperatures are
under – 20 °C. It is often damaged in last killing frost spring (Ağaoğlu,
2001). Distribution of rainfall in a year is the most suitable period. It is
grown where 600-mm. precipitations are taken without the need of water
(Geyve 662 mm.). The need of rest in winter is between 42 and 71 days. The
rains nearer to the blooming period prevent the pollination. Raining in
blooming and growing period causes cracking fruits. Cherry has to have
enough cold to have enough crops (Ülkümen, 1950). Although cherry resists
too much cold, its flowers freeze under -2°C. Cherry’s phenologic periods
are as following; blooming period: 31 March-15 April; growing period: 20
April-5 May;maturation period: 14 July- 29 July. The mean annual harvest of
cherry is 3.790 tones (1985-2003). According to the years the least
production was in 1998 (1.065 tones), the most production was in 2000 (6.600
tones). The low production in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2002
periods are growing out of the climatic conditions. The low production
occurred in 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1997 are growing out of last
killing frost in spring period seen in the blooming period (30-10-4-9-11-20
days). The low production occurred in 1999 is explained too much rainfall.
(May total rainfall: 111 mm.- numbers of rainy day 17 - max. precipitation.
- 39.8mm, 20/05/98) This state is seen in the maturation period and caused
cracks in fruit. The low production occurred in 2002 is growing out of the
hoard frost seen in the blooming period.
As was explained above, Geyve has convenient climatic conditions for growing
cherry.
CONCLUSION
Variations occurred
on climatic conditions effect on economical and social stability of
agricultural structure. Decreasing the risk at a very small degree, which
arises from the variation of the climatic conditions, increases the
potential productivity in agriculture. Climate conditions and forecasts play
key role for providing an improvement in agriculture. (Hammer, Meinke,
2000). Geyve plain in the Marmara agricultural region is situated in the
Mediterranean macroclimate region. It is seen as the Little Rainy
Mediterranean climate type. Geyve is well known by its fruit growing in its
vicinity and throughout the country. Fruit production has got great variety
except tropical fruits in the research area, but according to market price,
grape, apple, quince and cherry gained importance.
The relationship between climatic conditions and fruit production are as
followings:
-
The research area is convenient for fruit farming because of its climatic
conditions.
-
In examined period
(1985-2003), observed changing in some climatic elements and extreme values
affected on harvest.
-
Thermal condition; thermal condition has been caused to drop in cherry,
quince and apple production when last killing frost in spring is seen in
their blooming period.
-
Precipitation; insufficient of precipitation has negative affects on growing
and formation periods (1998 and 1999). The total rainfall near to the mean
annual rainfall in 1999 is growing out of the intense downpour precipitation.
Besides, this precipitation caused water flood raid. Overage number of rainy
days affected negatively on grape and cherry production in 1998 (in May).
The low percentage of relative humidity in 1989 caused fruit shedding in
apple. Becoming of hoard frost in the blooming period affected the cherry
production in 2002
-
Wind; it is conceivable that low production in quince in 1995 is related to
the effective winds in summer
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http://www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/6/icerik.asp?efl=hizmetler/yayinlar/e-kitap/index.htm&curdir=\hizmetler\yayinlar\ekitap&fl=meyvecilik/index.htm
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Figure 1: Location Map of
Geyve (Sakarya-Turkey)
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